British Medal

THE HIGHEST BRITISH DECORATION FOR GALLANTRY

VC

Victoria Cross

1856 - introduced as the premier award for gallantry, available to all ranks

The Royal Warrant for the instigation of the Victoria Cross was laid before Queen Victoria and signed by her on Tuesday, 29 January 1856. The award of the Cross was made retrospective to include the Crimean War which formulated the idea of a new gallantry award in the mind of Queen Victoria after meeting some of the wounded from the conflict.

The selection of servicemen to receive the VC took place on the recommendation from regiments' commanding officers. A list of names, 'selected from numerous applications', was forwarded to Lord Panmure, Secretary of State for War, on 2 February 1857 before being sent to Queen Victoria for approval on 15 February 1857. After the Queen's signature had been obtained, the two lists of names to receive the award of the Victoria Cross were published in the "London Gazette" of 24 February 1857.

The first investiture of the Victoria Cross took place in Hyde Park, London, on 26 June 1857 where Queen Victoria personally pinned the Cross on the breasts of sixty-two recipients - twelve Royal Navy, two Royal Marines and forty-eight of the Army.

The recipient's service number, rank, name, regiment or ship, is engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar, and the date of the VC action engraved on the reverse of the Cross. For example:

Maj. (A/Lt.Col.) O.C.S. Watson D.S.O.					25136865 Pte. J. Beharry, PWRR
Late 5th. Bn. K.O.Yorks L.I.
28.					1st 11th
Mar.					May June
1918.					2004

BRITISH DECORATIONS FOR GALLANTRY AND MERITORIOUS SERVICE

GC	George Cross	1940 - awarded for actions for which military honours would not normally be granted
DSO	Distinguished Service Order	1886 - awarded for gallantry. 1993 - awarded for 'Leadership' only
CGC	Conspicuous Gallantry Cross	1993 - replaces the DSO for 'gallantry, CGM and DCM
DSC	Distinguished Service Cross	1901 & 1993 - incorporates the DSM ( Distinguished Service Medal )
MC	Military Cross	1914 & 1993 - incorporates the MM ( Military Medal )
DFC	Distinguished Flying Cross	1918 & 1993 - incorporates the DFM ( Distinguished Flying Medal )
AFC	Air Force Cross	1918 & 1993 - incorporates the AFM ( Air Force Medal )
QGM	Queen's Gallantry Medal	1974 - awarded for actions not deemed suitable for a military decoration

BRITISH DECORATIONS FOR GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT

GM	George Medal	1940 - awarded for actions for which military honours would not normally be granted
DCM	Distinguished Conduct Medal	1854 & 1993 - replaced by the CGC ( Conspicuous Gallantry Cross )
CGM	Conspicuous Gallantry Medal	1855 & 1993 - replaced by the CGC ( Conspicuous Gallantry Cross )
DSM	Distinguished Service Medal	1914 & 1993 - replaced by the DSC ( Distinguished Service Cross )
MM	Military Medal	1916 & 1993 - replaced by the MC ( Military Cross )
DFM	Distinguished Flying Medal	1918 & 1993 - replaced by the DFC ( Distinguished Flying Cross )
AFM	Air Force Medal	1918 & 1993 - replaced by the AFC ( Air Force Cross )

BRITISH CAMPAIGN MEDALS

India GSM	1854 - 1895	to cover minor campaigns and operations in India
Baltic Medal	1854 - 1855	for operations against the Russians in the Baltic Sea
Crimea Medal	1854 - 1856	for operations against the Russians during the Crimean War
Indian Mutiny Medal	1857 - 1858	awarded for the suppression of the Indian Mutiny
2nd China War Medal	1857 - 1860	awarded to British servicemen for operations against China
New Zealand Medal	1860 - 1866	First and Second Maori Wars
Canada GSM	1866 - 1870	for operations to put down Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1870
Abyssinian War Medal	1867 - 1868	awarded for a punitive expedition against King Theodore of Abyssinia
Ashantee Medal	1873 - 1874	for operations against King Kalkali of the Gold Coast
South Africa Medal	1877 - 1879	for operations against the Galeka, Gaika and Zulu tribes
Afghanistan Medal	1878 - 1880	for operations during the Second Afghan War
Egypt Medal	1882 - 1889	for operations against the mutineering army of Egypt
Central Africa Medal	1891 - 1898	awarded for numerous campaigns in Central Africa
India Medal	1895 - 1902	replaced the India GSM to cover minor campaigns and operations in India
Queen's Sudan Medal	1896 - 1897	for operations against the Sudanese
Queen's South Africa Medal	1899 - 1902	2nd Boer War, South Africa ( Queen Victoria )
King's South Africa Medal	1901 - 1902	2nd Boer War, South Africa ( King Edward VII )
China War Medal	1900	instituted for service during the Boxer Rebellion and subsequent expeditions
India GSM	1908 - 1935	for minor campaigns and operations in India before and after WW I
1914 Star	1914	for service in France & Belgium between 5 August - 22 November 1914
1914 - 15 Star	1914 - 1915	for service in any theatre of war between 5 August 1914 - 31 December 1915
British War Medal	1914 - 1920	awarded for the conclusion of WW I and for further operations up to 1920
Mercantile Marine War Medal	1914 - 1918	awarded by the Board of Trade to members of the Merchant Navy
Victory Medal	1914 - 1919	awarded for the successful conclusion of WW I
Victory Medal + MiD	1914 - 1919	Victory Medal with 'Mentioned in Despatches' Oakleaf
Naval GSM	1915 - 1962	for service in minor operations for which no separate medal might be issued
General Service Medal	1918 - 1962	for numerous campaigns and operations that fell short of full-scale war
India GSM	1936 - 1939	introduced when change of effigy from George V to George VI became necessary
1939 - 45 Star	1939 - 1945	awarded to personnel who had completed six months' service overseas
Atlantic Star	1939 - 1945	Royal Navy for six months' service afloat in Atlantic, home waters & North Russia
Air Crew Europe Star	1939 - 1944	for operational flying from UK bases over Europe
Africa Star	1940 - 1943	awarded for operations in North Africa
Pacific Star	1941 - 1945	for operations in the Pacific theatre of war
Burma Star	1941 - 1945	for operational service in the Burma campaign, Bengal and Assam
Italy Star	1943 - 1945	for operations in Italy, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Greece & Yugoslavia
France & Germany Star	1944 - 1945	for operational service in France, Belgium, The Netherlands & Germany
Defence Medal	1939 - 1945	awarded for 3 years' service at home or 6 months' service overseas
War Medal	1939 - 1945	awarded to all fulltime personnel of the armed forces
Korea Medal	1950 - 1953	awarded for operations during the Korean War
General Service Medal	1962 - 2007	for numerous campaigns and operations that fell short of full-scale war
Vietnam Medal	1964 - 1968	awarded to Australian and New Zealand forces who served in Vietnam
South Atlantic Medal	1982	awarded for operations to liberate South Georgia & the Falkland Islands
Gulf War Medal	1990 - 1991	awarded for operations to liberate Kuwait and the subsequent invasion of Iraq
NATO Service Medal	1994 -	Yugoslavia - awarded to those who took part in the Alliance cooperations in Yugolsavia
NATO Service Medal	1994 -	Kosovo - awarded to those who took part in the Alliance cooperations in Kosovo
NATO Service Medal	1994 -	Macedonia - awarded to those who took part in the Alliance cooperations in Macedonia
Operational Service Medal	2000 -	Afghanistan - intended for minor campaigns for which a seperate medal is not awarded
Operational Service Medal	2000 -	Sierra Leone - intended for minor campaigns for which a seperate medal is not awarded
Iraq Medal	2003 -	awarded for operations in the invasion of of Iraq, and subsequent operations

BRITISH CORONATION & JUBILEE MEDALS

Victoria	Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal - 1887
Victoria	Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal - 1897
Edward VII	King Edward VII Coronation Medal - 1902
George V	King George V Coronation Medal - 1911
George V	King George VI Silver Jubilee Medal - 1935
George VI	King George VI Coronation Medal - 1937
Elizabeth II	Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal - 1953
Elizabeth II	Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal - 1977
Elizabeth II	Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal - 2002

BRITISH ORDERS

KG	-	The Most Noble Order of the Garter ( King Edward III - 1348 )
KT	-	The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle ( 1687 ( 787? ))
KP	-	The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick ( 1783 )
GCB	-	Knight Grand Cross of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( 1725 )
KCB	-	Knight Commander of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( 1725 )
CB	-	Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath ( 1725 )
OM	-	The Order of Merit ( 1902 )
GCSI	-	Knight Grand Cross of The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ( 1861 )
KCSI	-	Knight Commander of The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ( 1861 )
CSI	-	Companion of The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India ( 1861 )
GCMG	-	Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael & St. George ( 1818 )
KCMG	-	Knight Commander of The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael & St. George ( 1818 )
CMG	-	Companion of The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael & St. George ( 1818 )
GCIE	-	Knight Grand Cross of The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire ( 1878 )
KCIE	-	Knight Commander of The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire ( 1878 )
CIE	-	Companion of The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire ( 1878 )
GCVO	-	Knight Grand Cross of The Royal Victorian Order ( 1896 )
KCVO	-	Knight Commander of The Royal Victorian Order ( 1896 )
CVO	-	Commander of The Royal Victorian Order ( 1896 )
GBE	-	Knight Grand Cross of The Order of the British Empire ( 1917 )
KBE	-	Knight Commander of The Order of the British Empire ( 1917 )
CBE	-	Companion of The Order of the British Empire ( 1917 )

Iain Stewart, 21 April 2006

关于冷战的 < 对狙击手的狙击战术的过分吹捧令人恶心。>

论 < 对狙击手的狙击战术的过分吹捧令人恶心。>

对狙击手的狙击战术的过分吹捧令人恶心。

原作由皇家志愿兵团创始人:啊盖尔萨瑟兰大英皇军于2009-03-07 22:32:32发表

原文中的非文明用语有删改, 栗色字为啊盖尔萨瑟兰大英皇军的原文, 海军蓝色字为本人所加

   曾几何时，一些军事杂志上开始热炒狙击手，吹捧狙击战术，最早是翻译转载一些西方的文章，后来热度不断升高，

杂志报刊上大量涌现水平参差不齐的吹捧文章。随着一些影视作品、电脑游戏等衍生物的推波助澜、一代代新生的愣头

青军事爱好者加入军事爱好者这个阵营，狙击手与狙击战术更是被吹得神乎其神，很多军事知识了解不多的军事爱好者

被忽悠的晕晕乎乎。狙击手和狙击战术，很对那些武侠小说爱好者心中暗藏的超人情节的胃口，甚至有的军事和历史知

识都很贫乏的网络写手，在起点之类的地方，炮制出一堆堆网络文学垃圾，像一堆堆臭肉一样吸引着一帮帮素养不高的

初级爱好者，狙击手和狙击战术在他们眼里就是无所不能的。 

(那事篇曾经在案军事史林上曾经连载的所谓特战讲座,作者是台湾人,

 据台湾前特殊单位人员所说,该人并未有相关履历)

    确他们忽视了这样一个事实，战争中最基本的原则之一是严密科学的组织原则和因地制宜的
原则，狙击手也只是组织结构严密的军队中众多专业分工中的一种而已，需要良好、正确、科学
的的装备、训练、组织、运用与后勤支援，在适当的场合才能发挥应有的作用。狙击战术更是有
着其固有优势的同时，也有着巨大的局限性，狙击手不是充满浪漫主义色彩的超人般的创造神话
的孤零零游侠骑士一样的人，狙击战术更不是任何类型的战斗都适应的万能战术。 
    CHOSEN MEN...

    南北战争以后，随着加特林机枪，铁丝网，战壕、后镗炮的出现或普及，步枪兵在战场上的
作用急剧下降。(应该说生存性的)1880年代以后，钢制后装带弹性炮架的火炮出现以后，配合
野战电话，步枪兵永远的再也不是地面战场上的主力。(正确说法是:步枪火力不再是造成兵员杀伤
的主因吧)
1914年一战最初一个月的战斗即已经明确表明一个事实，受过全世界最精良训练的英国步枪兵，
快速准确的步枪火力，能让德军以为他们面对的是机枪火力，战斗中也确实一定程度上迟滞了德
军的进攻，但重炮与机枪配备严重不足英国陆军，面对拥有大量炮兵和机枪的德军，是攻则攻不
动，守亦难守住，在大规模运动战尤其是遭遇战下的情况。英军最终能顶住德军攻势，纯粹是因
为德国远离补给线，进攻乏力，而以消耗战的形式硬顶回去。
    在平原地带，大规模高烈度常规战争中的野战条件下，精确步枪火力有多大作用？甚至更早
的日俄战争中，旅顺争夺战，尤其是203高地这样的战斗早已表明，对进攻者来说，面对混凝土
永备工事、(正确说法是维多利亚时期,砖混结构棱堡,德军完全靠炮兵攻占者类工事的例子也只
有两三例,如果不算长期进攻造成卫生条件恶化而投降,基本都是靠步兵完成占领)铁丝网与机枪、
炮兵火力下，步兵是多么
无能为力；对防御者来说，决定防御作战的关键是工事、铁丝网、机枪与炮兵。举着两个战例，
一望即知，面对重炮、机枪，迫击炮、铁丝网、驻垒地带甚至是简易野战工事，单纯的步兵纯粹
就是找死。狙击手和狙击战术何用？一战这样的典型性总体战争早就表明了，消耗战是战争的真
谛，交战双方不断消耗人力物力财力，比拼鲜血、技术与工业能量。狙击战术在这样的战争中，
实在是细枝末节的雕虫小技。(树立普通士兵对武器的信心,鼓舞艰苦战壕生活所消磨掉的士气)

   1917年以后，英国发明了密切步炮兵协同战术(弹幕徐进射击?)，1918年德国发明步枪兵
(战斗工兵)+冲锋枪手+火焰喷射器手混编的突击分队的渗透战术。从1914年开始，主宰地面战
场的就是炮兵和机枪(工事筑城)，后勤基础是建立在南北战争和普法战争以后的精确但僵死的铁
路机动模式。1916年出现的坦克，以及一战战场上作用日益突出的飞机，均表明了日后地面战场
上的主角将是以内燃机为核心的装甲兵与航空兵，在以野战电话为纽带的密切协同的步炮兵、以
及混编的战术运用灵活的步兵分队的配合下，在摩托化运输工具提供的机动性做后勤保障的支援
下作战的样式，将是未来的主流。西班牙人发明火绳枪与长矛方阵以来，步兵与步枪火力为战场
主角的时代，已经一去不复返了。

    二次大战中，在宽大作战地域上、高烈度条件下的全面战争中，在前后方分明的常规战争的
战场上，尤其是在气象条件单一、地形简单的战场如西北欧平原、北非沙漠地带、东欧平原上，
战线剧烈变动的交战条件下，装甲兵、炮兵、航空兵永远是战场主宰，单纯步兵(LEGS)除了辅
助作用外，狙击手除了像蚊子一样搔搔痒之外有个屁用(降低敌军士气)？甚至二次大战中在一些
复杂地形下，脱离(营团级)支援兵器的单纯步兵分队轻武器的战斗中，机枪和迫击炮也是交战双
方火力的主力，狙击手和狙击战术虽有作用，但还远不是战斗的主角。比如斯大林格勒、柏林的
巷战，太平洋上的岛屿争夺战(这个不完全对,但要反驳的话,就是为美国陆战队背书了)，意大利
的山地作战，比利时森林里的战斗。

    战后的一些比较传统的局部战争中，尤其是那些交战双方力量相对均衡的战争中，狙击战术
作用同样极端有限，比如朝鲜战争前期的大规模运动战阶段，后期的小规模但剧烈的山头争夺，
印度支那战争，历次中东战争，几次印巴战争，福克兰群岛战争，海湾战争等。(确实算不上杀伤
敌人兵员物资的主要手段)     只有在那些单方面优势明显、没有明显前后方区别、交战地区地形、气候条件复杂的战争中
，尤其是反游击战、反叛乱形态为主的战争中，狙击战术才有比较明显的作用。比如现在的伊拉
克的治安战，战后英国进行的一系列平息殖民地叛乱的战争，越南战争、阿富汗战争中一些作战
地域狭窄、参战部队规模有限的小战斗。在大规模作战中，狙击战术还是没用，比如溪山战役，
阿富汗战争中的潘杰希尔山谷战斗等。狙击战术有用武之地的战争，也是小规模特战作战部队有
用武之地的战争。而在大规模常规战争中，狙击战术和特种部队一样，虽然不是毫无价值，但终
究不是正兵，只能是偏师，为正兵作补充，其价值仅此而已。 

   这些年胡说八道的东西太多，形而上学的厉害，狙击咋会念书以前受重视不够，被忽视了，
现在被再发现、再认识很有必要，但吹上天就实在过分的厉害，还远未到那些胡说八道的文章吹
捧的高度。西方一帮文明用语开始鼓噪(民间的步枪射击团体开发的技术和装备得到驻IRAQ美军
很高评价,前提是要有相关资格的军人来运用)，国内的众多文明用语就跟着套路走，甚至也开始
跟着胡乱YY抗战狙击手之类的屁话，屁文，毫无价值。 (文明用语永远是它文明用语)
     举几个例子，以色列在历次中东战争常规战斗之外，在战争间歇的“相对和平”时期，面临
在加沙、西奈、西岸和戈兰高地地带的治安战的任务，这种任务面临的局势就是：恐怖分子敌人
而非正规军敌人，混在平民中活动，用常规手段打击附带杀伤在所难免，而在西方尤其是卑鄙的
欧洲左翼媒体明显偏袒性的报道下，以色列更投鼠忌器，而且以色列军队所能指望得到的炮兵和
航空兵火力支援远不能达到美军的程度，不得已，以色列只能在常年的治安作战中大力发展狙击
手，广泛应用狙击战术。(以军在这方面,水平明显低于美英军)
   在二次大战这样的大规模常规战争中，除了在交战距离短促、地形复杂、观测条件很差的城
市巷战以及丛林、山地等复杂地形限制部队展开与炮兵、航空兵支援火器发挥作用的作战中，狙
击战术有一定价值外，在其他场合下，狙击战术基本没有价值，比如库尔斯克那样的坦克战，奥
马哈海滩那样的登陆作战。而战争中双方基本上是避免巷战的，除非像柏林、马尼拉那样实在绕
不开的城市。斯大林格勒则是个例外，苏军原本就是用城市做吸干德军进攻兵力血液的大海绵。
(都有用,但不是文明用语文章里的那么用)      有人说太平洋战争中，日军狙击手给美军造成一顶麻烦，太平洋的地面战斗中，起决定作用
的航空兵和海军，被困孤岛上的日军，实际命运早已决定。当然，日本人毕竟不是一群待宰的猪
，只要扣扳机的手都动一动，怎么着都能给美军带来一些麻烦。当然，轻机枪、手榴弹、迫击炮
、特攻肉弹和爆弹勇士之类的给美军造成的伤亡比区区几个狙击手的狙击火力肯定要大的多。

     最可笑的是，抗日狙击手这样的屁话般的神话也出来了。抗战初期德制狙击枪云云。国军，
德械，很合当下很多既不喜欢执政党又迷信德国工业品、同时还缺乏军事知识的愤愤的胃口。
7.92步枪最远才能打多远？？即便借助光学瞄准器材，5发弹仓供弹，手动单发射速有限的步枪
兵的火力投放量，无论射程、密度还是杀伤效果，能和机枪压制火力以及迫击炮、步兵炮的面杀
伤火力相比吗？日本无论海军陆军在明治时代开始就迷信精确射击，百发中一不如一发一中。和
日本步兵比射击技术，全世界也就英国步兵可比。装备、训练、后勤补给都严重不足的国民党部
队怎么比？除了在印度受训的驻印军外，国民党军就没有能提供充足弹药训练士兵的部队。
   假设一下，在7.92步枪最佳的杀伤射程600米这个范围内，天象良好的情况下，在一对一的
“单挑”中，一个即便没有瞄准镜的日本熟练射手，自然会计算提前量、风偏等，绝不会输于一个
配备瞄准镜但没有受过什么训练的国民党射手。而且，应该考虑到一个更重要的因素，德军在面
对苏军狙击手前，就没有什么狙击战术的概念，也就别指望战前的中德军事合作中，能给国民党
提供除了光学瞄准镜之外的射击、伪装、移动、观测等一些列战术培训，更别指望会教给国民党
怎么训练、配置与使用狙击手。一个即便是受过良好训练，有精良装备，有良好后勤支援的狙击
手，在一个不会正确运用和指挥的军官手里，也没什么用处。正确运用的前提就是必须了解狙击
手的优势和局限性。国民党军里，无论高级中级还是低级军官，有几个了解的？抗战初期，还大
体停留在农业社会背景下的中国，社会组织程度不完善、国家不统一、经济落后，国军在国力完
全不如人的条件下，在开战非常仓促、时机于己并不利的情况下下，最后顶住已经工业化了的日
军全面进攻，避免了亡国，靠的是幅员辽阔的空间换时间的战略，以及无数将士拼死作战和日军
拼消耗的牺牲的消耗战战略。德制狙击枪，即便真的存在过的话，也完全可以忽略。  最后两段不错
   很多文明用语作者的意淫东西，制造垃圾，调动一下更文明用语的肾上腺激素，激发一下他
们脑海中的YY，很好笑。

Till We Meet Again

This article is about the 1918 song. For other uses, see Till We Meet Again .

"Till We Meet Again"
Cover of "Till We Meet Again", 1918
Music by	Richard A. Whiting
Lyrics by	Raymond B. Egan
Published	1918
Language	English

"Till We Meet Again" is a popular song. The music was written by Richard A. Whiting, the lyrics by Raymond B. Egan. Written during the Great War, the song tells of the parting of a soldier and his sweetheart. The title comes from the final line of the chorus:

Smile the while you kiss me sad adieu,

When the clouds roll by I'll come to you,

Then the skies will see more blue,

Down in lovers lane my dearie,

Wedding bells will ring so merrily','

Every tear will be a memory,

So wait and pray each night for me,

Till we meet again.

As Whiting's daughter Margaret tells it, the song was intended for a 1918 contest at a Detroit theater. Dissatisfied with the result, Whiting threw the manuscript in the trash. His secretary retrieved it and showed it to their boss, publisher Jerome Remick, who submitted it in the contest, where it won top honors.

In 1919, it was the number 1 song of the year as recorded by Henry Burr and Albert Campbell.

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